CHAIN DOWN THE LINE: Typical starting formation - right-hand two-faced line or left-hand wave. Centers trade while the ends turn towards the center of the line, and all courtesy turn. Ends in facing couples.

FOUR MEN/LADIES PROMENADE: Typical starting formation - squared set. Designated dancers step forward into the middle, face promenade direction (right), and walk in a circle around the center.

LADIES IN, MEN SASHAY: Typical starting formation - circle of eight. Dancers drop hands, and the ladies step straight forward into the middle. The men continue circling in the direction they were circling until they have passed one lady, the ladies back up to rejoin the circle, and all continue circling.

LEAD RIGHT/LEFT: Typical starting formation - facing couples. On Lead Right, each couple, working as a unit, turns 90° to the right, pivoting around the right-hand dancer. On Lead Left, each couples turns to the left, pivoting around the left-hand dancer. Ends in couples back to back.

SEPARATE: Typical starting formation - pair of dancers facing out of the square. Dancers turn away from each other and walk forward around the outside of the square as directed.

SPLIT TWO: Typical starting formation - eight chain. The outsides slide apart without changing facing direction, the centers walk between the outsides and past them, and the dancers who slid apart slide back together without changing facing direction.

AROUND ONE/TWO INTO THE MIDDLE: Typical starting formation - after separate or split two. Active dancers walk around the outside past the specified number of inactive dancers, and walk forward between the outsides to end as couples in the center. If necessary, inactive dancers slide apart to let active dancers through and slide back together.

AROUND ONE/TWO TO A LINE: Typical starting formation - after separate or split two. Active dancers walk around the outside past the specified number of inactive dancers, and step up next to or between inactive dancers to make a line while inactive dancers, if necessary, spread apart to make room. Ends in facing lines.

SQUARE THRU/LEFT SQUARE THRU: Typical starting formation - facing couples.
On Square Thru,

1. Right pull by.
2. Face into the group of 4 and left pull by.
3. Face into the group of 4 and right pull by.
4. Face into the group of 4 and left pull by.

Ends in couples back to back. Numbers or fractions may also be given. For example on Square Thru 2 or Half Square Thru, dancers do parts 1 and 2 only. Left Square Thru is the same as Square Thru, but with right pull by replaced with left pull by and vice versa.

SWING YOUR PARTNER: Typical starting formation - man and lady facing. Dancers step up into ballroom position. The man's right hand is on the lady's upper back, near her shoulder blade, and his left hand holds the lady's right hand. The lady's left hand rests on the man's right shoulder. Dancers stand slightly offset from each other and move forward around each other by pushing forward with their outside (left) feet, and walking in a very small circle with their inner (right) feet. To break out of a swing, the couple release their handhold and the lady rolls to end next to the man on his right, facing promenade direction. Alternatively, to twirl, the man and lady raise their joined hands and drop their grips, while the lady turns under their joined hands toward the right. Ends in a couple facing promenade direction.

U-TURN BACK: Typical starting formation - dancer. Dancers turn around 180° in the direction they were just turning, if any. If they were not just turning, dancers turn toward their partners if they have one, or else toward the center of the square, or in either direction if they are facing directly toward or away from the center of the square.

BOX THE GNAT: Typical starting formation - man and lady facing. Dancers join right hands with the dancer across from them. The man walks forward and turns 180° to the right to stand in the lady's original position while the lady walks forward under their joined hands and turns 180° to the left to end in the man's original position. Dancers end facing each other in each other's original positions with right hands joined.

CIRCULATE: Typical starting formation - lines or waves. Trailers (dancers facing into the square) walk forward to take the position of the dancer ahead of them. Lead centers (centers facing out) flip over to end in the other center position facing in. Lead ends walk forward in an arc to end in the other end position facing in. Ends in lines or waves. On Couples Circulate, the dancers circulate, maintaining couple handholds.

COLUMN CIRCULATE: Typical starting formation - columns. The #1 dancers (those facing out of the column) flip over to end in the adjacent position facing in. All other dancers walk forward one position to end in the original position of the dancer in front of them. Ends in columns.

DIVE THRU: Typical starting formation - eight chain. The centers raise their joined hands and walk forward while the ends walk forward under the arch, and the new ends California twirl. Ends in a beginning double pass thru.

RUN: Typical starting formation - couple or mini-wave. The designated dancer moves forward in an arc to end facing the opposite direction in their partner's original position. The non-designated dancer moves without turning into the designated dancer's original position.

HINGE: Typical starting formation - mini-wave. Dancers 1/2 trade. From a mini-wave, this is equivalent to arm turn 1/4. Ends in a mini-wave. On Couples Hinge, each couple works as a unit and hinges with the other couple. Couples Hinge starts in a two-faced line or one-faced line and ends in a two-faced line.

SWING THRU/LEFT SWING THRU: Typical starting formation - wave. In each wave of 4 dancers, those who have right hands joined arm turn 1/2, and those who now have left hands joined arm turn 1/2. On Left Swing Thru, dancers who have left hands joined arm turn 1/2, and those who now have right hands joined arm turn 1/2.

FACING COUPLES RULE: Calls from waves that start with an arm turn (for example, Swing Thru) can also be called from facing couples. In this case, the dancers step to a right-hand wave (unless the call explicitly starts with left, in which case, they step to a left-hand wave) and do the call.

STEP TO A WAVE: Typical starting formation - facing dancers. Dancers 1/2 pass thru; that is, they step forward and slightly to the left to take right hands. Ends in a right-hand mini-wave.

TOUCH 1/4: Typical starting formation - facing dancers. Dancers step to a right-hand mini-wave and arm turn 1/4. Ends in a right-hand mini-wave.

WRONG WAY GRAND: Typical starting formation - dancers facing their partners. Same as Right and Left Grand, but with men walking clockwise and ladies walking counterclockwise.

ZOOM: Typical starting formation - box with tandem dancers. Leaders (those facing out of the box of 4) turn away from center and walk in an arc to turn 360° and end behind their starting position, facing the same direction. Trailers (those who start facing into the box) walk forward into the position ahead of them. Ends in a box with tandem dancers.